Dreisers New Woman and the American Dream - Literature Essay Samples

In the late 19th century, young women began to renounce the rigid gender roles of the Victorian era, dissociating themselves from the inflexible differentiations of domestic and public spheres, and ultimately from notions of maternity. Countless young women arrived daily at the train stations of the huge cities, each of them cut off from their families, striving for their personal fortunes, seeking material bliss and a satisfied life in seemingly auspicious environments. Popularly labeled the â€Å"woman adrift†, as she was described in Joanne Meyerowitz’s work, or, as in the latest scholarly work, the â€Å"new woman†, however, was unable to rise from rags to riches, and often enough had to dwell in poor living conditions (xvii). The American Dream thus remained just another grand myth that arose with the emergence of the consumer society. Theodore Dreiser’s debut novel Sister Carrie, published in 1900, closely follows the aforementioned development and elaborates on the image of the independent and liberated â€Å"new woman†. Yet Dreiser’s depiction does not remain one-dimensional; it centers not only on Carrie and her immoral struggle for material wealth but also develops into a threefold illustration of the liberated female. Apart from Dreiser’s flat and quite objectionable protagonist Carrie, he also presents the subculture of the vast majority of the rather hapless sweatshop girls, and, in the second third of the novel, with Mrs. Hurstwood a compellingly liberated wife who — with the unconscious support of the femme fatale Carrie — jostles her unfaithful husband into a â€Å"crisis of masculinity† (Gammel 77). In the course of his novel, Dreiser critically discusses the perception of the â€Å"woman adrift†, rejects the apparent social dominance of the male gender, and demonstrates the fatal meander of immorality and insatiable desire. With the introduction of the novel’s protagonist Carrie, Dreiser presents a notorious depiction of the liberated young woman, which caused contemporary critics and readers alike to object. For how could a writer dare to narrate the seemingly successful story of the American Dream, achieved by an immoral, sexualizing female who lacks a genuine personality? Yet Dreiser makes no secret of the materialistic success of Carrie, his cunning, imitative â€Å"new woman† that has utterly yielded to the city’s â€Å"cunning wiles† (SC 1), falls victim to the consumer society, and lives a life of desire and falsehood. Despite all the obvious critique, Dreiser remains relatively passive in his judgment, since his protagonist prospers and evolves into a remarkable figure of New York’s fictional society; Carrie becomes financially independent due to her ingenious abilities of imitation, and not because of an extraordinary intellect. Having unknowingly exploited and eventually destroyed one of her wealthy lovers, Carrie’s insatiable desire ultimately threatens to devour her. Upon meeting Dreiser’s almost surreal idealist Ames, a sudden awareness of life’s non-tangible, non-material things is evoked in Carrie, pervading her mind with psychological emptiness. â€Å"Know then†, Dreiser begins his farewell to the melancholic and depressed Carrie, â€Å"that for you is neither surfeit nor content. In your rocking chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone [†¦], shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel† (SC 487). For Dreiser, only the honest and hard working â€Å"women adrift†, to be sure, are able to achieve happiness in life, whereas they will almost certainly fail to attain Carrie’s material bliss. Living the American Dream, Dreiser suggests herewith, is therefore reduced to bodily satisfaction — and will never produce emotional delight. Directly juxtaposed to Carrie — and somewhat closely relate d — stand Chicago’s sweatshop girls, the vast majority of the â€Å"women adrift†, who possess nothing material, yet are so much richer. Working hard under miserable conditions, tremendously poor, and â€Å"[conforming] to the discipline of machinery† (Fleissner 16), they represent everything Carrie is not. With this confrontation of the two unequal societal forces, Dreiser explicitly scrutinizes the myth of the American Dream. For these liberated, laboring young women scarcely have the chance of achieving materialistic wealth, and will, like so many others, lead a life of poverty at the social bottom line. Peculiarly, Carrie is aware of these poor girls to whose group she once belonged: â€Å"She knew that out in Chicago this very day the same factory chamber was full of poor, homely clad girls working in long lines at clattering machines; that at noon they would eat a miserable lunch in a half-hour; that Saturday they would gather, as they had when she was one of them, and accept the small pay for work a hundred times harder than she was now doing† (SC 441). Ultimately, there are quite a few reasons why the sweatshop girls will never succeed the way Carrie did: most notably, the majority of them lack Carrie’s abilities of imitation and adaption; also, they are not as susceptible to the consumer society’s â€Å"wiles† as Carrie is, and even if they are, they discard reluctant desires as delusions. Assembling these traits, the broad mass of Dreiser’s â€Å"new women† possess a much more genuine personality than Carrie’s, one loyal to the self, sustained by acquired virtues, religion, or the mere will to be a good person. These assumptions consolidate the considerations concerning Carrie’s flawed and fragmented identity, confirming that these different natures lead to highly diverse fates in life at the turn of the century, thus making Carrie the winner of the purely worldly Dar winist struggle in Dreiser’s naturalist universe, the sole female soul to experience the shady sides of the American Dream. Where does Mrs. Hurstwood, Dreiser’s third depiction of the liberated female gender, as wife and mother, fit in? Her image diverges quite a bit from the popularly used â€Å"woman adrift†, since she is introduced to the reader as a settled wife, mother of two in a wealthy household, and domestic sovereign of the Hurstwood household — thus as a woman already living the dream others strive for, yet dependent on her husband, who moves in the public, male sphere of society. It should be mentioned that unlike today, husbands committing adultery were commonly yet silently tolerated, since wives were financially and socially dependent on their sole source of income (Gammel 77). Yet she liberates herself from the rigid expectations, for when she discovers her husband’s affair, she counsels her lawyer, seeking divorce. As much as Mrs. Hurstwood seems to belong to the Victorian representation of the classical wife, she emancipates herself to a prototype for the modern liberated woman that no longer obeys the alleged dominant male. When one assumes that the notion of the American Dream is an idea somewhat associated with male power, Mrs. Hurstwood, in her liberating progress, delivers the first severe blow to the former idea, which is illustrated by the faltering George Hurstwood. After the following scene, the latter’s collapse is rendered imminent and inevitable: â€Å"I’m not dictating to you,† [Mrs. Hurstwood] returned; â€Å"I’m telling you what I want.† The answer was so cool, so rich in bravado, that somehow it took the wind out of his sails. He could not attack her, he could not ask her for proofs. Somehow he felt the evidence, law, the remembrance of all his property which she held in her name, to be shining in her glance. He was like a vessel, powerful and dangerous, but rolling and floundering without sail.† (SC 210)After his departure to New York — deprived of his wealth, his social position, and, probably most significant, his pride — George Hurstwood’s downfall becomes indeed fictional reality, and the once so dominant man turns into a helpless beggar, his appearance already implying a â€Å"loss of male power† (Gammel 49). Having been forcefully and inevitably pushed into the â€Å"crisis of masculinity† (77) by the â€Å"female city†, the â€Å"big social Darwinistic pond† New York (78), he finally puts an end to his life. Therefore, with this development, one can observe Dreiser’s liberated wife and his cunning â€Å"woman adrift† Carrie, although not cooperating at all, topple the male dominance, thus giving the grand myth of the American Dream new revolutionary, feminist ideas, loosening the rigid shackles of an exclusively male phenomenon. With naturalism’s new gu iding forces of sexuality, human desire, determinism, and crucial psychological factors of life (Gammel 23), Dreiser unfolds a controversial tale about the questionable American â€Å"rags to riches† legend. Throughout the novel the novelist demonstrates how immoral behavior, sexualizing power, and constant insatiable desire — invoked by the city — enable the femme fatale to rise up to society’s upper social class, leaving broken men behind. Yet, thus Dreiser’s warning, the desire eventually devours her very self, and hence, it becomes palpable that contemporary romantic fiction’s idea , is not only dismissed, but reversed. Whereas Dreiser’s heroine materialistically triumphs on a questionable path, Chicago’s hard working sweatshop girls are depicted as suffering from intolerable working conditions, yet are superior to the former on a moral level. Another aspect represents the faltering male dominance that was initially associa ted with the American Dream; Mrs. Hurstwood, however, acts as a pivotal feminine force in the toppling of male hegemony.Works CitedDreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. New York: New American Library, 2000.Fleissner, Jennifer L. Women, Compulsion, Modernity: The Moment of American Naturalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.Gammel, Irene. Sexualizing Power in Naturalism: Theodore Dreiser and Frederick Philip Grove. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1994.Meyerowitz, J. Joanne. Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.Sloane, David E.E. Sister Carrie: Theodore Dreiser’s Sociological Tragedy. New York: Twayne, 1992.

The Problem Of Saudi Arabia - 1084 Words

Saudi Arabia is a country mainly known for the origin of Islam and has two holiest places in the country. Saudi Arabia is an oil producing country with huge reserve fund and its currency is doing very good on the financial front. Till early nineties country was in the very good state of the financial as well as population distribution. Most of the Saudis were working and having very low unemployment situation. With the increase in the population and educated youth demand for work has increased and those who could not get jobs turned their faces towards other activities like an illegal business and helping or involving them in terrorist activities. To meet this growing problem king Suleman tried to analyze the problem and declared some policies about the illegal immigrants or people overstaying in the country even after their immigration time has expired. The rule has been so critical and changed the definition of the immigration that people staying in the country after the expiry of their visa will be treated as an illegal immigrant. The police have taken very strong action against the illegal immigrants. This all is done to accommodate their own people in certain jobs so that they can be employed and the illegal activities can be curtailed down. The aim of the policy is to satisfy the local people that the government is worried about their problem and taking action in the right direction. But the analyst says that the certain work which can be performed by certain laborShow MoreRelatedMy Country, Saudi Arabia, is Face Many Problems 916 Words   |  4 Pagesthat instilled confidence in our hearts, but there are some problems that can happen in a lot of developed countries, such as environmental , social and educational problems. 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Analysis Of Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis Essay - 1300 Words

When we think about Iran, numerous people often associate the country with nothing but negativity. The main reason people feel this way about Iran is because Iran has had a long history of violent tension with countries like our own. We tend to generalize that all of Iran is evil because of what the media tells us. We will rarely listen or read something that the media puts out that portrays a positive image of any Iran citizen. The truth is that there are many citizens of Iran that could be similar to us, and are not the villains the media shows. There are people in Iran that believe we have irrational thoughts about their country, and believe their country is not what we think it is. In Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi discusses life in Iran because she wants people to know that there are good people living in it. Satrapi feels her entire nation should not be viewed solely on the fact of its past extreme actions. She feels like since she was a child other countries deem the whole Iranian population as terrorists. Another group of scholars were also curious about the perception of Iran. These scholars researched how our country and Iran perceived each other. The results to the study are interesting, and show a theme of negativity towards Iran. Satrapi uses her graphic novel to tell us about her life experience during the Iranian Revolution. Although this was a violent time period, there were countless people, like Marjane that had no interest in violence. Marjane callsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1425 Words   |  6 Pagesto childhood. Political socialization, the process by which an individual attains their political attitudes and values, argues that a number of agents, primarily family influences ideological development (Burnham). 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Black Elk Speaks Essay Example For Students

Black Elk Speaks Essay The division in the world among the races always was and will be one of the biggest issues that the people have to deal with and solve. Many cultures, Indian culture is one of the examples, were affected by the persecution of the people who were though to be superior to others. Indian culture was persecuted by whites, which wanted to wipe off the Indian civilization from the face of the world. The Native Americans wanted the same as anyone would, peace and freedom for their people. The Native Americans did not consider white way of living righteous for them, they were spiritual and had a different outlook on life, and did not want interference from outside world. In the book Black Elk Speaks, being the life story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux as told through John G. Neihardt, an Indian boy then a warrior, and Holy Man describes the life his people had in the lands that belonged to them that were seized by As a little boy, Black Elk witnessed his village being invaded by Wasichus, a term that was used by Indians to designate the white man, but having no reference to the color of his skin. Black Elk describes the life of Indians, which is very spiritual and could be very unattainable to understand to the naked eye of a regular person who did not know all the Indians beliefs. While still young, at the age of nine, Black Elk had a vision where he was the leader of all his people. Where he was given a gift from Great Spirits to save the Indian civilization by driving a way the Wasichus from their native land. After the dream, he was courageous and willing to go fight the barbarians. The deep spiritual significance of the dream came to him when he was older and wiser. The rituals and traditions of the Indians evince their beliefs in spirits and afterlife. Indians believed that there would be a better life for them after they die, because many of them did not see a way out, but people were still fighting for their lives. Growing up Black Elk and his friends were a lready playing the games of killing the whites and they waited impatiently to kill and scalp the first Wasichu, and bring the scalp to the village showing how strong and brave they were. One could only imagine what were the reasons that Indians were bloody-minded and brutal to the whites. After seeing their own villages, where they were born and where the soul was, burn down to ashes, their hatred and dispiteous actions towards whites just grew stronger and stronger, and all they wanted was revenge and death of whites.Throughout Black Elks life, their community was moved from one place to another, when they reached other destinations after awhile they had to fight whites and to live through loses and hard times. Black Elk always had the visions of the people dancing and the Grandfathers that were symbolizing villages in many dreams that he had to save. By telling the dreams to the village, they powered themselves and were going to fight in small groups relying on spirits to help the m in, saying today is a good day to live. The Black Elk realized in having the power to cure people as few other spiritual leaders could. Black Elk, being a little afraid, always influenced his friends into fighting believing and thinking always about his vision, which seemed reality to him. All his life he was getting more strength after losing someone close to him, this was a sign of the flow of powers to him from the spiritual world. Going through sorrow and despair, Indians had to stand up for themselves. Indians were proudly keeping on fighting the Wasichu, many times left with two horses and wounded. The book showed that the Indians destiny was to roam through the world in finding a better life, which they could not find anywhere, because they were persecuted and being destroyed. When Black Elk was older and wiser, he started to realize how wrong he was in following his visions that were not as significant as the one he had when he was young. But the perception of the vision h e had was only a dream and when he was looking back at it, he remembered how the last battle was, where he saw dead bodies of women and children scattered all over the ground and the soldiers pointing their guns. Black Elk realized that it was all a beautiful dream and it was over. .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 , .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .postImageUrl , .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 , .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2:hover , .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2:visited , .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2:active { border:0!important; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2:active , .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2 .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6d25d9027886fbfee204910e00b989d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1996: A Turbulent Year for Israel Essay The most important aspect of the book shows how young Indians aggressively try to overcome all of the harsh reality and attain the one point that would substantially change their lives. The book shows how spirituality and unity among the people of the specific Indian tribe, Oglala, gave them strength for trying to overcome the peoples superiority that spoiled many of the natives lives. Nevertheless all the descriptive lives of the Indians and how much they suffered, and how terrible was the extermination, the actions of Indians is not explanatory of the brutality in their hearts, not only to the whites but other Indian tribes. Anyhow, the book portrays the life with extensive battles and struggles with the environment, enemies and the individuals themselves. The book shows that a diversion in the world gives bad vibes between societies, where both has its own best interest at heart not caring about the other, and would do anything to progress in the stages of life aiming for predomin ance over everything. This gives off the example of the white race over the Indians, not even in the way of whites wanting to destroy Indians, but the possessive feature of the whites wanting to expand to the territory that they believe is theirs. In analyzing the book, I would not say that the author was not persuasive, it was more of him not giving the straight facts that would induce us of real horror. Although the author was just describing the day-to-day life with all the rituals and traditions it did t portray the feeling they had towards the whites. This book differs from other works, in a way that the author gives exact experience one Indian had, and the biggest difference is that the book is written from the person words that actually experienced it.The author gives a good background of the relationship white settlement and Indian cultures had, which supported by the life experience. An author depicts all the emotions of struggle and happiness at the times when it is hard t o imagine it. And it actually not the author who is persuasive, but the Black Elk himself, because he is the one that actually can convey the exact feeling and images to the reader. The ways in which the author could strengthen the book, in my opinion, is instead all the descriptive, to me meaningless points as how they were coloring themselves, the author should have put a little bit more facts in there to make it more documentary. Anyhow, overall the book has strength in letting the reader understand the history from both sides, whites and Indians. Many people have different views on the persecution of Native Americans, some think that it was all Indians fault and that they caused their own suffering, which I think is absolutely ridiculous, because they were not the ones who invaded. And Native Americans had every right to stand up for the land that was theirs. Bibliography:Black Elk Speaks by John G. Neihardt

s Critical Thinking

I will be showing Walton’s fallacies in the texts I use on â€Å"Communication Between Divorced Parents†. I will demonstrate by using Walton’s fallacies how some parents remain friendly and put the children first in divorce situations. I will also demonstrate Walton’s fallacies on how other parents don’t have anything good to say about each other and tend to put the children in the middle. I will then be able to understand the dynamics of divorced parents better and how miscommunication affects their future communications. Some problems can be overcome with planning and forethought, as we have seen, but this eventuality is difficult to guard against, the best advice being the fullest possible airing of views on every aspect of the topic before marriage (Shreeve, 89). I believe that this fits well with Walton’s argument as a reasoned dialogue. In discussing these issues the couple will go through all types of dialogue: quarrel, debate, persuasion to get the other person to see their point, negotiation to come to an agreement, information seeking – asking further questions, action seeking, and even educational. After applying Walton’s dialogue they will have aired their views on every aspect of the topic of marriage. So thrash out the whole approach you should adopt with your partner beforehand. And however, desperately unhappy and bitter you may feel yourself, make an enormous effort not to let this spill out into your relationship with your child or children – especially if their existence contributed to the stresses that finally broke your marriage (Shreeve, 91). I believe that the author is using Walton’s argument as reasoned dialogue here for the parents to put a plan together on how they are going to handle the children and how they are going to behave towards it each. The author is telling them to go through Walton’s process. I see Walton’s process being used to its fullest here. There will be ... 's Critical Thinking Free Essays on Walton\'s Critical Thinking I will be showing Walton’s fallacies in the texts I use on â€Å"Communication Between Divorced Parents†. I will demonstrate by using Walton’s fallacies how some parents remain friendly and put the children first in divorce situations. I will also demonstrate Walton’s fallacies on how other parents don’t have anything good to say about each other and tend to put the children in the middle. I will then be able to understand the dynamics of divorced parents better and how miscommunication affects their future communications. Some problems can be overcome with planning and forethought, as we have seen, but this eventuality is difficult to guard against, the best advice being the fullest possible airing of views on every aspect of the topic before marriage (Shreeve, 89). I believe that this fits well with Walton’s argument as a reasoned dialogue. In discussing these issues the couple will go through all types of dialogue: quarrel, debate, persuasion to get the other person to see their point, negotiation to come to an agreement, information seeking – asking further questions, action seeking, and even educational. After applying Walton’s dialogue they will have aired their views on every aspect of the topic of marriage. So thrash out the whole approach you should adopt with your partner beforehand. And however, desperately unhappy and bitter you may feel yourself, make an enormous effort not to let this spill out into your relationship with your child or children – especially if their existence contributed to the stresses that finally broke your marriage (Shreeve, 91). I believe that the author is using Walton’s argument as reasoned dialogue here for the parents to put a plan together on how they are going to handle the children and how they are going to behave towards it each. The author is telling them to go through Walton’s process. I see Walton’s process being used to its fullest here. There will be ...

Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Essays

Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Essays Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Paper Literary Characteristics of Wisdom Literature Paper Essay Topic: Literature synonymous parallelism second line repeats the same idea as the first with different vocabulary synonymous parallelism the fear of the lord is the beginning of wisdom and knowledge of the holy one is the beginning of understanding antithetical parallelism second line draws contrast with that is said better this than that antithetical parallelism A food despises his fathers instruction, but he who receives correction is prudent stairlike parallelism second line builds on or adds to the idea stairlike parallelism O god, god of my salvation, I have cried out day and night before you, let my prayer come before you, incline your ear to my cry Psalms types lament, praise, thanksgiving, wisdom Psalms relationships god and the individual, god and nature, god and other gods, god and israel

Reflective practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective practitioner - Essay Example In this case, I cannot take the risk of not working hard with thinking that a miracle will happen, and I will pass. This is the exact thing that gets to happens in the world of sports. For a team to prosper, its members must take many risks that always make them get injured. We cannot fear taking risks because on one side lies getting injure. We should learn to look at the bright side that success lays. In reference to outdoor kinetic experience, different people get to have different experiences on different adventures. For example, one may vie fishing as a leisure activity; just for fun, while another person on the same boat will take fishing as a toll for measuring progress in that the other time he or she got two, this time the person wants to get three or four. This is what applies to people in the contemporary society. For example, I may consider education valuable because it will help me get a career while another person in the same class as me considers it necessary because i t will help him or her get more knowledge and not for career entry. According to John Rawls, every living thing should have the capacity to define a life plan. Different people get to hold different perspective in life. ... I tend to think that in the present age, despite having a life plan, a person is not sure he or she will be able to follow it as intended. This is because life brings along many bottlenecks that one gets to redefine the position of the life plan they once drafted. Handling different types of data Data is the most valuable asset that an organization may have. It is due to this fact that information systems are made, so as to ensure efficient analysis of the data, its storage and security. As a professional individual, it is crucial that one knows how to handle and present data, portraying the intended information analysis. Below we get to analyze a data from a survey on availability of university school courses and other dependent factors. Figure 1: Data University’s Business School Course Availability Survey Category Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Will you be satisfied if more sections are offered 0 2 9 9 13 Will you be more successful 4 3 12 7 7 Do yo u prefer to take business cources in the UCD 1 3 16 5 8 Sum 5 8 37 21 28 Average 1.666666667 2.666667 12.3333 7 9.333333333 Median 1 3 12 7 7 standard deviation 2.081665999 0.57735 3.51188 2 3.214550254 Figure 2: pictorial representation Pictorial representation of data is important due to a myriad of factors. The first reason is for easy analysis (AGRESTI, 2002,78). We can all conform that it is easier to deal that that is represented on a bar graph, rather than using the one on the spreadsheet. The second reason is for presentational purposes; when is representing data say to board of directors, it will be hard for them to conceptualize the progress of a company using raw data on a spreadsheet than on a bar graph. However, it is pertinent to