Problem Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Problem Identification - Essay Example In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) argued that the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by the lack of control or detection of hypertension. In that publication, W.H.O claimed that an increase in blood pressure by 20/10 mmHg from such a level as 115/75 mmHg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease (WHO, 2011). The eighth Joint National Commission panel (JNC 8) developed an evidence-based guideline for managing high blood pressure in adults. The guideline was captured in nine recommendations. Each recommendation shows its target age bracket, strength and the treatment intervention appropriate for the said age bracket or section of the population. The aim of the current paper is to understand whether the JNC guideline can help reduce the future risk of cardiovascular disease. Rosendorff et al (2007) reckon that hypertension is a major independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Based on JNC’s definition of hypertension as having a blood pressure of greater or equal to 140/90 mm Hg, Rosendorff et al (2007) concluded that sixty five million American adults have hypertension. This was equivalent to one fourth of the population of the United States as at 2007. The study also concluded that one fourth of the population of the United States was in prehypertension stage that the JNC stipulated as systolic blood pressure of between 120 and 139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ranging between 80 and 89 mm Hg (Rosendorff et. al., 2007). Rosendorff et al (2007) noted that blood pressure is strongly related to age but that the relationship is complicated. As one progresses through life up to age fifty, the systolic blood pressure rises in line with diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure continues rising after fifty years of age but diastolic blood pressure starts decelerating. According to their study, more than half of the American population above

Principles of Managing Information and Producing Documents Essay Example for Free

Principles of Managing Information and Producing Documents Essay Unit title: Principles of managing information and producing documents 1. Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. 1 Identify different types of information technology that may be used for work tasks Types of technology that could be used to do tasks at work are computer software like: Microsoft Word which is software used to create documents Excel is software that can be used for storing and organising data. Publisher is software which is used to create almost anything from documents to greeting cards. Could also use a fax machine, telephone and send emails. 1. 2 Outline the benefits of using information technology for work tasks The benefits of using technology for work tasks include: Speed – A computer can search through files and records quickly to find the information you require. It can also make it quicker and easier to change a mistake. Editing – If you hand write documents if there was a mistake you would have to retype from scratch, but on the computer documents can be easily amended. Quality – On the computer there are many tools that make the quality of a document better like spell and grammar check, templates, different fonts and emboldening, borders, bullet points or numbering and all them enable high quality documents to be produced. Access – On a computer you can control who gets access to the documents because you can just send it to certain people or if you have a password on the computer it restricts who can get on. 1. Understand how to manage electronic and paper based information 1. 1 Explain the purpose of agreeing objectives and deadline for researching information The purpose of agreeing objectives and deadlines is to ensure that you collect all the needed information to complete the task given and you will have a correct date to finish it by. You will also know what sort of resources to use to collect the data because depending on what you’re looking for something’s could be copy righted which you cannot use because it’s illegal. 1. 2 Identify different ways of researching, organising and reporting information Different sources of research are: Paper-based like libraries and newspapers. Technological which is internet, CD/DVDS and television. Asking people which is primary research and gathering research yourself is secondary. To organize information you could: Organise informations according to relevance. Put it in numeric or alphabetical order. Keep it in date order. Different ways of Filing information: Numeric order. Alphabetical Date To report information means keep a log of your information and its sources. First you should plan a report and know what the purpose is for it, then find the data you need to write a report, should then produce a draft and check everything you need is there and then finalise your report and checking it again. 1. 1 Describe procedures to be followed for archiving, retrieving and deleting information, including legal requirements, if required Electronic and paper-based methods: Out guide/Absent cards – Are used when someone removes a file from the shelf and they will insert an out guide in its place which will say which file has been taken and who has taken it. Cross Referencing – So if input onto the computer with a number you can find the original in the files. File retention polices – A company has to keep certain documents for a certain amount of time. Indexing – To keeping a list of names or subjects with references to the pages so able to find when needing the original copy from a file. You can store information on a hard drive inside your pc, you can save it onto a CD/DVD or a memory stick. You can keep data safe by having a password on everything that needs to be kept private, and could have locked away in a certain order in some unit cabinets so only certain people can get in and see the information. The best way to dispose important and personal data is to shred it. 1. 2 Explain why confidentiality is critical when managing information Confidential information could be someone’s personal details like their home address and bank details which must be kept secure under legislation requirements. It is important to keep details confidential to avoid identity theft, also makes clients feel more secure knowing there information is safe because they would not want anybody to find out there details. You can keep data secured manually which is held in a locked area or cabinet, or keep it electronically that is password controlled. 2. Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit-for-purpose 2. 1 Identify reasons for producing documents that are fit-for-purpose Documents should be fit for purpose so that it is suitable for the audience it is intended for and so that it meets the company standards. To do this you need to make sure that the document is readable, is accurate on details and enhances the organisations reputation. 2. 2 Describe different types and styles of documents and when they are used Different types and styles of documents have different people to use for – Letters for clients and customers Emails with attachments for circulation information to colleagues Reports for providing information to colleagues Most companies have a certain house style template for documents which is formatted accordingly to the guidelines of the certain organisation. Having a template specific to the company has the benefit of promoting the company image and having consistency with documents. 1. Know the procedures to be followed when producing documents 1. 1 Identify reasons for agreeing the purpose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of document Reasons may include ensuring the correct format is used for the type of document being produced, because if the purpose is unclear the document will not make sense as it needs to. Content – So you know how to write the document correctly for the audience. Style – Varies on the type of document, so if it was an agreement then a formal standard style would be used. Deadline – Makes the time frame clear for something to be complete, also gives the client a clear time when the project should be finished by. Efficiency Makes the company look more professional and organised. Repetition – Doing good quality work on time gives a good impression of the company which could mean more work because they will be recommended because of its good repetition. 1. 2 Describe ways of checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness, and the purpose of doing so Ways of checking finished documents are by using the spell and grammar checker to ensure there are no mistakes, or you could ask a colleague to check the document to make sure all the necessary information has been included. You should always check that money, date, name and address details are all correct because if the address or money are incorrect someone wrong could be getting a lot or not enough money they need which would have a negative impact on the business and could lead to lost custom. 1. 3 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents You will be observing the Data Protection Act (1998) and policies and procedures of the organisation, this covers, Secure storage of documents Who should have access This is to avoid, Loss of personal data Damage to the business Prosecution The most sensitive information is anything that belongs in a personnel file like: Forms relating to employee benefits. Complaints from customers/co-workers. Records of attendance Warnings or other disciplinary actions Medical/Insurance records Litigation documents Forms providing emergency contacts Wage forms The information in a personnel file should be private and should have log ins to get into if saved onto a computer or saved in locked files and the only people that need access to it for wages etc, will have a key or the password. 1. 1 Compare different types of documents that may be produced from notes and the formats to be followed Documents that can be produced from notes are: Memo – The format will include â€Å"To†¦From†¦Ref†¦Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and then the relevant information being communicated. Letter – Printed on company header paper, listing reference, date, name, address, and subject, letter content, from, signature, name and job title. Also if the letter is confidential this must be stated. Report – Title, Introduction, Body of report, a conclusion, consistency of format is essential i. e. using the same font size and style throughout. Minutes – Title of the meeting, date was held, who attended. Agenda – Include apologies for absence, minuets of previous meeting, what it’s about, date, and time. 1. 2 Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes Procedures to follow when preparing text from notes Purpose for the notes. Format for the document. Check the notes to confirm right and amend if needed. Check you have all correct notes to make a document. Produce document. Check document.

Enrich Maria Remarque: A Militant Pacifist :: essays research papers

Enrich Maria Remarque: A Militant Pacifist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First World War was a horrible experience for all sides involved, no one was immune to the effects of this global conflict, and each country was changed in many ways. Erich Maria Remarque was drafted into World War I at age 18. In 1929 Remarque’s first book All Quiet on the Western Front was published. Throughout the book, the death and destruction caused by battle is clearly shown. Remarque's novel is a statement against war, focusing dramatically on the extreme effects of war on the humanity of soldiers. Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erich Paul Remark was born on June 22, 1898 In Western Germany. In 1913 Remark began to attend a teachers college called Osnabruck’s Lehrerseminar. During his third year when he was eighteen he was drafted into the war. After finishing basic training in the war he was assigned to a reserve battalion. His mother became very ill, so he was often allowed to visit her. In June 1917 he was reassigned to a trench unit. Remark was soon injured by grenade splinters and rushed to St. Vincenz hospital in Duisburg during 1917-1918. His mother died while he was in the hospital. After a year in the hospital he returned to Osnabruck for further training. The war had ended before Witt 2 he returned to active duty. After the war he changed his middle name to Maria after his mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remark went back to college after the war. He graduated and started his two-year substitute training in 1919. Finally he got bored teaching, and did different odd jobs such as, playing organ on Sundays at an insane asylum, working for a tombstone firm, working as a small town drama critic, and racing sports cars. In 1920 he published a novel that was so bad he changed the spelling of his last name to Remarque. His book All Quiet on the Western Front was published in 1929 and Remarque â€Å"became a spokesman of a generation that was destroyed by war†-Kirjas. Many people loved the book, and according to New York Times, All Quiet was â€Å"one of the best-known anti-war novels ever, which decepted the horrors of war from the point of view of the ordinary soldiers†. In 1930 the Nazis banned his books and burned them at the famous book burning in 1933; Remarque later stated, â€Å"I was only misunderstood where people went out of their way to misunderst and me†.

Nostradamus :: essays research papers

Nostradamus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michel De Nostradame, otherwise known as Nostradamus was born December 14, 1503. His family was of Jewish ancestry. His grandfather, Pierre de Nostradame, had settled in Provence because by the mid-1400s, many Jews had come to live there. Nostradamus' father was Jacques de Nostradame. Jacques worked as a scholary, since most people didn't know how to write he wrote things for them, from love letters to formal documents. Jacques' income provided a good home at the time. Nostradamus' earliest recollection of his home was the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical of all provenà §al homes in the sixteenth century was the room where both domestic and social life was carried on. The center and symbol of the room's activity was the great fireplace, majestic, caver-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nous, holding a banked fire that never went out since his mother and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  father moved in. Shining pots and pans of brass hung low from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mantle shelf. At either angle of the fireplace was an oak settle were his grandfathers liked to laze and talk when they came to visit. On the walls hung light cabinet shelves holding salt and spices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus had one definite brother, Cà ¨sar who wrote Histoire de Provence, a book which sustains the myth of the Nostradamus royal line. Historians think Nostradamus had three other brothers, Bertrand, Hector, and Antoine, but they are not sure and almost nothing is known about them besides their names.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus was educated by his grandfathers. First Peyrot, who had been a great traveler, brought Nostradamus up in his home. He taught Nostradamus the basics of mathematics, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Astrology. After Peyrot de Nostradamus' death Nostradamus moved back in with his parents, Jacques and Reynià ¨re. It is thought that his other grandfather took over his education for a while, but the family decided to send Nostradamus to Avignon, which at that period was the center of Renaissance learning. At Avignon, Nostradamus spent many hours at University libraries. Nostradamus' biggest interest was astrology. His interest in astrology began to worry his parents, and by the advice of his grandfather he was sent to the University of Montpellier to study medicine. The University of Montpellier was regarded as second only to that of Paris in all of France. Nostradamus arrived there in 1522 at nineteen years of age. In three years he studied all the subjects needed for his bachelor's degree. He was tutored by some of the finest doctors in Europe. The process of getting a degree was far more arduous than in the present day, and lasted much longer. A successful candidate was given his license to practice by the bishop of Montpellier.

Speech on 14th August

Child labour and poverty are inevitably bound together and if you continue to use the labour of children as the treatment for the social disease of poverty, you will have both poverty and child labour to the end of time. (Grace Abbott) Today, there are millions of children who work as wage-earners. They are deprived of childhood, love, nutrition and social association. Child labour emerged during the industrial revolution and today it has become a very serious problem. It is a world-wide phenomenon. Extreme poverty large families, lack of free and compulsory education These children have no chance to attend school and have no choice except to work as unskilled labour. These children are compelled to live below poverty line all their lives. There are many laws against child labour in Pakistan and in other countries but these laws alone cannot control the exploitation of children. We must get the support of all the people of the society to control this menace. According to the law, no child below the age of fourteen can be employed in any hazardous job. Another law states that children should not be made to work beyond their capacity and they should be given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner. However, all these laws have failed to check the problem of child labour. Stringent laws should be enacted and exemplary punishment should be given to those who exploit children for their selfish end SPARC has conducted research that goes into producing its publications, including three major books on child labour, juvenile justice and child rights. Its annual report The State of Pakistan’s Children and a large number of brochures, SPARC has conducted a number of research studies. SPARC has continued to ask successive governments to upgrade their laws to set a legal age limit for employment in Pakistan, although they have not been successful in doing so.

buy custom The Difference between ETF’s and Mutual Funds essay

buy custom The Difference between ETF’s and Mutual Funds essay Nowadays, there are numerous options which serve as a powerful and flexible tool to handle a variety of trading strategies. Among them, there is a choice between buying a mutual or an exchange-traded fund (ETF), which may influence the investors success and the amount of money they can make. Therefore, it is crucial to know the differences between ETFs and mutual funds as well as their nature. Mutual Fund A mutual fund is a portfolio of shares, carefully selected and acquired by professional financiers from numerous investors for the purpose of purchasing securities, including stocks, money market instruments, and bonds. The cost of the funds shares is equal to the total value of fund investments divided by the number of shares (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). The main advantage for investors is the risk reduction because of the distribution of investments among a large number of different companies. Another advantage of mutual funds is the saving time as buying a share, people do not spend their time managing the investment. Furthermore, special finance managers work hard to make money, hence bringing a great profit to clients. Instead of independent persons analysis of industries and companies, professional managers analyze all factors and make an appropriate decision (ICI, 2007). This option is ideal for those who do not have either time, desire, or ability to engage in an analysis of the securities Moreover, due to countless transactions in mutual funds, the total amount of commission decreases significantly. If to compare the commission in mutual funds to the commission that a person would have paid by buying many shares independently, the difference will be obvious. When mutual fund collects a huge capital, then to produce a deal on a large scale, the transaction should costs cheaper, which is another advantage of mutual funds, especially for investors. Exchange-Traded Fund ETF is a type of funds, which presupposes hedging risks and investing in certain markets or individual sectors of the economy. It is a passive management strategy traded on public exchanges (U.S. Security and Exchange Commission, 2012). A purchase and sale of ETF do not differ from similar transactions with individual stocks. ETFs allow implementing an index investment strategy with minimal costs. The low cost and flexibility of the strategy are among the main advantages of ETFs for investors. Each ETF replicates the structure of one of the stock indices. Therefore, it allows traders to invest directly in the stock index of the leading stock exchanges of the world. In addition, ETFs may follow the structure of the bond, commodity, or currency indices. There is also ETF, which replicates the structure of regional or sectoral indices (Antoniewicz Heinrichs, 2014). Therefore, ETFs are a good tool for portfolio diversification. Main Differences The main difference between ETFs and the mutual funds is that ETFs trade only on the exchange that can be purchased through a broker. On the contrary, one can buy a share in mutual funds only from the company that manages these funds (Egan, 2014). Moreover, ETF not only combines all the advantages of mutual funds but also has a number of other significant strengths. For example, the procedure of selling and buying in ETFs is similar to that of a common stock. People can invest at any time when they have the opportunity, paying the price indicated at the moment of the purchase. Unlike EFTs, one can invest in a mutual fund only based on the prices established when the market closes (Egan, 2014). In addition, in EFTs, the management fees and the minimum contribution for investment is lower than that of the mutual funds (Egan, 2014). A person can trade ETF shares on margin or to buy the ETF option, which significantly expands the range of capabilities in building trading strategy. ETFs faithfully replicate the change in the price of stocks of the total market and the individual sectors, bonds, commodities, and other assets. Conclusion To summarize, it is worth saying that the main differences between the two options are the number of shares offered, the presence of a mediator in the form of a broker, affordability, and duration of the procedure of purchase. Buy custom The Difference between ETF’s and Mutual Funds essay

Memorandum Essay Example

Memorandum Essay Example Memorandum Essay Memorandum Essay This is to request your approval to distribute the Depression Handout prepared for the institution’s entire population. The handouts are support materials to the powerpoint presentation to be used during our regular learning session at the end of the month where we scheduled the topic on depression. They are worded and formatted for easy understanding of the inmates and induce support and cooperation. Depression may be experienced by a number of inmates especially that a growing number of them are resorting to alcoholism and drugs. It is important that knowledge of this condition be known to everybody so that whoever may be in having depression will be understood and provided treatment. It is the objective of this project to identify who among the inmates are experiencing depression and may be encouraged to subject themselves to treatment. With this humble project, Michael and many others may be saved from further sufferings and at least make their stay in this institution worthwhile living. For your approval, please. Handling Depression â€Å"I am now the most miserable man living. If what I feel were equally distributed to the whole human family, there would be not one cheerful face on earth. Whether I shall ever be better, I cannot tell. I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am is impossible. I must die or be better it appears to me.† Abhraham Lincoln (who suffered from depression in his adult life) We are one community in this institution. We have among us, those that suffer from depression. It may be them, it may be you. What is important is that you know the circumstances, what it is and how to go about it. 1. What is depression? When you feel an extremely deep sadness and lose the interest in any thing you do, a feeling of worthlessness and hopelessness, and when you cannot eat and sleep well and have problems in concentrating and physical complaints, chances are, you have depression. 2. If you are depressed, then you are not alone. One out of five people will have depression at some time in their life. One in 2o Americans suffer from depression severe enough to require medical treatment. (Bloomfield 1996) 3. You do not have to suffer, depression can be treated. Statistics say that more than 80% of people with depression can be successfully treated. Treatments are usually short term and through medication or counseling therapy. (Bloomfield 1996) Treatment of the illness is usually inexpensive but there is no price for better health, efficiency, improved relationship and enjoyable life. 4. Alcohol and drugs will not help. Resorting to alcohol and drug abuse will not help the situation. It will only worsen and there will be no relief. Many inmates tried to get drunk just to get over the emotional low, but they never felt relieved of it, worse, some tried even suicide which is very dangerous. 5. If you know that you need help then do not hesitate. Let the doctor know. Going through depression on your own does not make you brave. Asking for help is brave. There is no price for better health, efficiency, improved relationship and enjoyable life. References 1. Bloomfield, Harold H. and Peter McWilliams (1996) â€Å"How to Deal with Depression† About.com. Retrieved 12 October 2007 from http://alcoholism.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Yasdn=alcoholismcdn=healthtm=49gps=61_12_788_419f=20su=p247.3.140.ip_p284.8.150.ip_tt=14bt=0bts=0zu=http%3A//www.hypericum.com/dep/dep1a.htm 2. â€Å"Depression† (2007) Psychiatry24x7.com Jannsen Pharmaceutica NV. Retrieved 12 October 2007 from psychiatry24x7.com/homes/depression.jhtml

Presidents Who Were Masons

Presidents Who Were Masons There are at least 14 presidents who were Masons, or Freemasons, according to the secretive fraternal organization and presidential historians. The list of presidents who were Masons includes the likes of George Washington and Theodore Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman and Gerald Ford. Truman was one of two presidents- the other was Andrew Jackson- to achieve the rank of grandmaster, the highest ranking position in a Masonic lodge jurisdiction. Washington, meantime, earned the highest possible position, that of master, and has a Masonic memorial named after him in Alexandria, Virginia, whose mission is to highlight the contributions of Freemasons to the nation. American presidents were among many of the nations most powerful men who were members of the Freemasons. Joining the organization was seen as a rite of passage, even a civic duty, in the 1700s. It also got some presidents into trouble. Here is a complete list of presidents who were Masons, drawn from the organizations own records as well as the historians who chronicled its importance in American life. George Washington Washington, the nations first president, became a Mason in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1752. He has been quoted as saying, The object of Freemasonry is to promote the happiness of the human race. James Monroe Monroe, the nations fifth president, was initiated as a Freemason in 1775 before he was even 18 years old. He eventually became a member of the Masons lodge in Williamsburg, Virginia. Andrew Jackson Jackson, the nations seventh president, was considered a devout Mason who defended the lodge from critics. Andrew Jackson was loved by the Craft. He was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee and presided with masterly ability. He died as a Mason should die. He met the great Masonic foe and fell calmly beneath his silent blows, it was said of Jackson at the installation of a monument on his behalf in Memphis, Tennessee. James K. Polk Polk, the 11th president, began as a Mason in 1820 and achieved the rank of junior warden in his jurisdiction in Columbia, Tennessee, and earned the royal arch degree. In 1847, he helped in a Masonic ritual of laying a cornerstone at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., according to William L. Boyden. Boyden was a historian who wrote Masonic Presidents, Vice Presidents, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. James Buchanan Buchanan, our 15th president and only commander-in-chief to be a bachelor in the White House, joined the Masons in 1817 and achieved the rank of district deputy grand master in his home state of Pennsylvania. Andrew Johnson Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, was a loyal Mason. According to Boyden, At the cornerstone laying of the Baltimore Temple some one suggested that a chair be brought to the reviewing platform for him. Brother Johnson refused it, saying: We all meet on the level. James A. Garfield Garfield, the nations 20th president, was made a Mason in 1861in Columbus, Ohio. William McKinley McKinley, the nations 25th president, was made a Mason in 1865 in Winchester, Virginia. Todd E. Creason, founder of the Midnight Freemasons blog, wrote this about the understated McKinley: He was trusted. He listened much more than he spoke. He was willing to admit when he was wrong. But McKinley’s greatest character trait was his honesty and integrity. He twice turned down the nomination for President because he felt each time that the Republican Party had violated its own rules in nominating him. He squashed the nomination both times-something a politician today would probably view as an unthinkable act. William McKinley is a very good example of what a true and upright Mason should be. Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 26th president, was made a Freemason in New York in 1901. He was known for his virtue and refusal to use his status as a Mason for political gain. Wrote Roosevelt: If you are a mason you will of course understand that it is expressly forbidden in masonry to attempt to use the order in any way for anyone’s political advantage, and it must not be done. I should emphatically object to any effort so to use it. William Howard Taft Taft, the 27th president, was made a Mason in 1909, just before becoming president. He was made a Mason at sight by the grand master of Ohio, meaning he did not have to earn his acceptance into the lodge like most others do. Warren G. Harding Harding, the 29th president, first sought acceptance into the Masonic brotherhood in 1901 but was initially blackballed. He was eventually accepted and held no grudges, wrote John R. Tester of Vermont. While president, Harding took every opportunity to speak for Masonry and attend Lodge meetings when he could, he wrote. Franklin D. Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 32nd president, was a 32nd Degree Mason. Harry S. Truman Truman, the 33rd president, was grand master and 33rd degree Mason. Gerald R. Ford Ford, the 38th president, is the most recent to have been a Mason. He began with the fraternity in 1949. No president since Ford has been a Freemason.

The variables in the survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The variables in the survey - Essay Example Such would be the areas that would need attention in order to beat competition. The column significance F has the associated P-value. If it is > 0.05, then, at significance level 0.05, we do not reject the H0 that in the equation y = ÃŽ ²1Â  + ÃŽ ²2Â  x, ÃŽ ²2 = 0 as this would not be the case. In our case we have 9.69379E-08. 2.222498604 represents the Y intercept and 0.27006447 gives us the independent variable. That means that an increase in bargain sales by 1 unit causes attitude towards the mall to change by 0.27006447. The column significance F has the associated P-value. If it is > 0.05, then, at significance level 0.05, we do not reject the H0 that in the equation y = ÃŽ ²1Â  + ÃŽ ²2Â  x, ÃŽ ²2 = 0 as this would not be the case. In our case we have 0.000648 hence we reject the H0 as this is The Normal Distribution plot for both variable 21 and 25 show points that fit in the normal line. That indicates that the data is normally distributed. The residual plots for both variables also show a random pattern of the points which indicates a fit for a linear model. That shows that there exists a linear relationship between these variables and the attitude formation. On the other hand, the Histograms show a truncated curve, with the peak near the edge. The histograms trail off gently to the left side indicating that part of the distribution has been removed during review. The column significance F has the associated P-value. If it is > 0.05, then, at significance level 0.05, we do not reject the H0 that in the equation y = ÃŽ ²1Â  + ÃŽ ²2Â  x, ÃŽ ²2 = 0 as this would not be the case. In our case we have 0.072269 hence we do not reject the H0 as this is > 0.05. The column significance F has the associated P-value. If it is > 0.05, then, at significance level 0.05, we do not reject the H0 that in the equation y = ÃŽ ²1Â  + ÃŽ ²2Â  x, ÃŽ ²2 = 0 as this would not be the case. In our case we have 0.243316

Personal Computer, Desired Requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Computer, Desired Requirements - Essay Example He can buy a powerful computer now or buy an inexpensive computer and plan for its upgrade in the future. Some computer vendors offer leasing programs that allows upgrade of the computer every 2 to3 years. It is also worthwhile to browse the website of large computer manufacturers to see the latest technology and the price. He can also ask friends, fellow students or co-workers in similar line of work as to what computer are they using, where they bought them, if there were any problems, and whether they are happy with their choices. One can buy a top-of-the-line model with an eye towards keeping the computer for years. Some buy the basic version of the fastest computer they can afford, and add extra memory, a sound card and speakers, a DVD drive, a larger monitor, and/or a printer over time. More sophisticated applications require faster computers, more memory, more disk space, and other resources. In general, the newer the computer, the better for the owner to take advantage of the new programs, internet resources, and the latest computing and presentation applications. In the case of laptop computers, newer models are faster and lighter, in addition to offering better displays, more memory, and more disk storage. Be prepared to spend at least $1,000 to $2,000 for a general-purpose computer. There are desktop computers whose price range for anywhere from $400 to $10,000. One should budget for hardware and software such as Microsoft and Adobe products. Word processing and spreadsheet software can be purchased with most systems. There may also be need for other software for communications, graphics, and specialized projects. The mostly widely used operating systems are Windows 2000 or Macintosh. Apple computers run using Macintosh. Other brands run on Windows 2000. Macintosh is easier to set up, learn, and to use because it has more easy-to-use built-in software. DOS/Windows systems are less expensive for similar processing speed. Windows 2000, together with Linux and Unix, are more flexible as it can allow multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times; capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor; capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time; and allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. The choice of the operating system and software will depend on the use of the computer - will the computer be used for basic tasks or to meet special requirements Do you intend to connect the computer to the office or school server Decide if you are better served by the PC/Windows platform or the Macintosh. Look at the system components and determine if they will suit your needs. When buying a new computer, look for a system with a Pentium 2.8 to 3.2 gigahertz (GHz) processor. The processor is considered the brain of the computer the most important part of a computer and its speed determines how quickly the processor can execute computer code. The amount of random-access memory (RAM) or system memory is another very important part of a computer system because it has the largest influence on performance of the new operating systems. One can buy as much RAM that one can afford. At the minimum, it is preferable to buy not less that 256 megabytes (MB) or 512 MB. For a Macintosh, it should be at least 256 MB. The hard drive space required is dependent on the types of installed applications. General

Macroeconomic policies, government attitudes towards Inequality Essay

Macroeconomic policies, government attitudes towards Inequality - Essay Example So, this represents the economic insecurities and unemployment in the economy which reduce the growth level. Those countries which have inequality pattern in the recent years always face fewer opportunities in the future. The basic problem that arises due to inequality is the polarization of society that affects the growth level because in these middle skill jobs are not the part of the employment pool. So, the inequality can be harmful for the economic growth in the long run (Stiglitz, 2012). Polarization of the Labour Force Its mean the disappearance of the middle skill jobs, this is happening for last three decades that the share of middle skill jobs reduced from the employment pool that is the result of recession in the economy. The four important sectors of middle skill jobs like sales, office and administrative workers, operators and production workers have lost their most of the portion from the employment pool. So, the wages and earnings of this area labour force have fallen over the three decades. This term shows the inequality between the top level societies and middle skills societies because the disparity between the wages of the top and middle increased means the wage level of the middle skill jobs have gone down. So, the polarization of the labour force shows that top-level are going to be rich further and more people are moving towards the bottom (as poor as possible) (Needle, 2005). Theories Theories regarding the labour market polarization are; Spatial Polarization Theory and Social Polarization theory (Thornley, 1992). These theories are discussed below; Spatial Polarization Theory A main differentiation in labour market theory is that between the idea of continuity and discontinuity. In general, when this distinction is used for labour market change, it tends to raise the debate between â€Å"social polarization† views and â€Å"Inequality theory.† The previous perspective begins by mentioning the undisputable shifts in the labo ur demand. Such process of industrial transformation has occurred in Europe and United States, result to a decrease in the chances that offer for occupational mobility (Thornley, 1992). This process is the selective emigration of urban occupants, in which middle-class (particularly white) families leave, at the beginning to the suburbs and afterward to the villages to become a new rural middle class. This is process of involves two sides one is the supply side and the second is the demand side. However it creates â€Å"inequality† between the supply of suitable labour and the newly increasing demand for technical qualifications. This spatial polarization theory is useful in describing the impacts of post industrial change in an area. It is true at a great cost that national minorities are extremely vulnerable to such changes (Thornley, 1992). Social Polarization Theory The segregation process in a society which might arise because of the inequality of income, economic restruc turing and so on is called as social polarisation i.e., the distinction which might comprise of several social groups, from high-income to low-income. This social polarization theory deals with the growth of low-skilled services jobs as well as the expansion of elite of higher professionals (Thornley, 1992).

Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer - Essay Example Analysis of the geographic prevalence of liver cancer and HBV show that there are similarities and it is this link that has proved to be the first step in the understanding of etiological relationship of HBV with liver cancer. (4). Liver cancer is spread throughout the world. However, there are variances in the presence of the disease in different regions of the world. Looking at the world from the perspective of the developed and developing divide, the incidence of liver cancer is more in the developing world, rather than in the developed world. However, there is a trend of reducing prevalence of liver cancer in the developing world, while there is a rising prevalence of liver cancer in the developed world. The more effective HBV preventive programs coupled better food and nutrition in the developing world are believed to be the reasons for the lower growth rates of liver cancer in the developing world, while migration of people from the developing world to the developed world coupled with rising incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the developed believed are assumed as the causes for the increased growth rates of liver cancer in the developed world. (5). Incidence statistics of liver cancer for the period 1993-1997, provided by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), show that continent of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands have the highest incidence of liver cancer. For example in Qidong County, China the crude rate for liver cancer is 107.4 and in Nagasaki City of Japan the crude rate for liver cancer is 67.1. (6). Europe lower rates of incidence are found in almost all the regions as can be seen from the LC AAIRs of 4.7 to 8.9 among men in Southern, Eastern and Western Europe. It is even lower in Northern Europe, which has an LC AAIRs of 2.7 to 3.2 (7). In the United States of America there is a geographical variance in the incidence of liver cancer in the white populations with the northern

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 69

Reflection - Essay Example Poor polythene waste management may form breeding spaces for harmful organisms such as mosquitoes that then cause malaria (European Commission, 2011). It also causes pollution to the environment since the material is not easily degradable. Animals may feed on polythene materials thereby causing an obstruction to their respiratory system, hence death. The toxic fumes from factories producing polythene also affect the people from the surrounding environment. Billions of polythene bags are disposed of globally on a daily basis. From a recent study, at least four polythene bags are used by each household in the world on a daily basis (Ankiro, Ikumawoyi, Olotu, & Olugunagba, 2012). It is, therefore, a critical matter for the world to realize the increasing trends of polythene usage and poor disposal that may lead to greater environmental problems in the future. There should, therefore, be a candid and rapid management programs to prevent such increasing trends. Reducing the use of polythene through selecting products that do not require packaging or using other packaging materials such as paper or glass can help reduce the harm caused by polythene bags. This will diminish the adverse health effects caused by poor polythene waste management. Refillable polythene containers can also be reused to reduce the number of polythene containers disposed. Most importantly, polythene containers can be recycled to and used to produce plastic mobile toilet, bins, waste baskets and other containers. Through this, the unnecessary disposing of such materials would be minimized since the containers will be considered valuable by the recyclers (Partha, 2008). Ankiro, A., Ikumawoyi, O., Olotu, Y., & Olugunagba, M. (2012). Environmental impact of polythene generation and disposal in Akure city, Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Biology, 12(3),

Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer - Essay Example Analysis of the geographic prevalence of liver cancer and HBV show that there are similarities and it is this link that has proved to be the first step in the understanding of etiological relationship of HBV with liver cancer. (4). Liver cancer is spread throughout the world. However, there are variances in the presence of the disease in different regions of the world. Looking at the world from the perspective of the developed and developing divide, the incidence of liver cancer is more in the developing world, rather than in the developed world. However, there is a trend of reducing prevalence of liver cancer in the developing world, while there is a rising prevalence of liver cancer in the developed world. The more effective HBV preventive programs coupled better food and nutrition in the developing world are believed to be the reasons for the lower growth rates of liver cancer in the developing world, while migration of people from the developing world to the developed world coupled with rising incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the developed believed are assumed as the causes for the increased growth rates of liver cancer in the developed world. (5). Incidence statistics of liver cancer for the period 1993-1997, provided by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), show that continent of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands have the highest incidence of liver cancer. For example in Qidong County, China the crude rate for liver cancer is 107.4 and in Nagasaki City of Japan the crude rate for liver cancer is 67.1. (6). Europe lower rates of incidence are found in almost all the regions as can be seen from the LC AAIRs of 4.7 to 8.9 among men in Southern, Eastern and Western Europe. It is even lower in Northern Europe, which has an LC AAIRs of 2.7 to 3.2 (7). In the United States of America there is a geographical variance in the incidence of liver cancer in the white populations with the northern

Object-orientation , The Unified Modelling Language (UML) Essay

Object-orientation , The Unified Modelling Language (UML) - Essay Example As a result, to extend novel modules that have different implementations can be established even without making changes to the existing modules. Modules should not be too thick so that reusing it becomes a bigger problem. In addition, they should not be extremely light as to offer very little value. Thus, it is vital for any design to put into consideration the weight of the module in concern. To attain a good module, it is necessary to reduce the number of dependencies as we aim and achieving the most out its capacity to be reused. In modularity, when one module fails the others do not fail. Through this, it is easier to control composite systems that are codependent. The principles employed include modular composability, decomposability, understandability, continuity, and protection. The latter case concerns that something out of the ordinary happening is to the concerned module. It does not affect other modules. Decomposing on the other hand concerns with breaking a software maniac into sub-smaller problems that can be linked through an independed framework allowing each to be worked on separately. To be understandable means a human being can read and comprehend the functionality of that module without relating to the other modules. Continuity conforms to the idea of a problem remaining or affecting the module that is. When it comes to what the software is off, different modules developed in various environments are integrated into novel systems. In PHP, a framework provides the starting point to build modular systems. Most of the structures already existing have the capability of breaking up the application and organizing the files. Some like Symfony2 are based on models that rely on injection. It is excellent for modularity (Powers, 2008). To perform best at adding, and removing components, a better framework would

Two Variable Inequality Essay Example for Free

Two Variable Inequality Essay This week we are learning about two-variable inequalities as they pertain to algebraic expressions. The inequality can be graphed to show the values included in and excluded from a given range of numbers. Solving for inequalities such as these is a critical skill in many trades which can save or cost a company a lot of time and money. Ozark Furniture Company can obtain at most 3000 board feet of maple lumber for making its classic and modern maple rocking chairs. A classic maple rocker requires 15 board feet of maple, and a modern rocker requires 12 board feet of maple. Write an inequality that limits the possible number of maple rockers of each type that can be made, and graph the inequality in the first quadrant. First I must assign a variable to each type of rocker Ozark Furniture makes. Let c = the number of classic rockers Let m = the number of modern rockers It takes 15 board feet of lumber for each classic rocker so I will use 15c in my equation. Likewise, I will use 12m for the 12 board feet of lumber in the modern rocker. The maximum amount of lumber Ozark can obtain is 3000 board feet. Therefore, my equation will look like this: 15c + 12m ≠¤ 3000 If I call c the independent variable (on the horizontal axis) and m the dependent variable (graphed on the vertical axis) then I can graph the equation using the intercepts. The c-intercept is determined when m = 0: 15c ≠¤ 3000 c ≠¤ 200 The c-intercept is (200,0). The m-intercept is found when c = 0: 12m ≠¤ 3000 m ≠¤ 250 The m-intercept is (0, 250). Since this inequality is â€Å"less than or equal to†, the graphed line will be solid, sloping downward from left to right within the first quadrant of the graph. The shaded section will cover the area from the line towards the origin, stopping at the respective axes. Consider the point (50,100) on my graph. It is well inside the shaded area meaning that Ozark Furniture could easily fill this order for 50 classic and 100 modern rocking chairs. 50(15) + 100(12) = 1920 board feet of lumber leaving 1080 board feet remaining. Now consider the point (150,100) on the graph. It is outside the shaded area which indicates that this order of 150 classic rockers and 100 modern rockers would require more lumber than the company can acquire. 150(15) + 100(12) = 3450 board feet of lumber which is 450 board feet more than they have. Ozark cannot fulfill this order. Consider the point (100, 125) now. This point falls directly on the line on the graph indicating that the company would have just enough lumber to fill this order with none to spare. 100(15) + 125(12) = 3000 board feet of maple. If Ozark receives a faxed order for 175 modern rockers and 125 classic rockers, they would not be able to fulfill the order. When we plot the order on the graph (125, 175) we can clearly see it is well outside the shaded area. 125(15) + 175(12) = 3975 board feet of lumber required. They would need an additional 975 board feet of lumber to complete the order. These scenarios clearly show how important it is to be able to solve an inequality with two variables.

Effect of Contract Based Labourers on Indias Automobiles

Effect of Contract Based Labourers on Indias Automobiles Research Question: How are contract based labourers affecting the productivity of Indian automobile industry? Introduction Research Origin and Focus Area of Research The employment structure in the Indian scenario has been undergoing certain changes due to globalization. The firms in order to be competitive in a global market should have the flexibility relating to labour, capital and various bureaucratic procedures. Only then can it adapt itself to the rapidly changing environment and thereby stay ahead. Although, it has been said that the stringent labour laws not only put the domestic producers at a disadvantageous position but it is also one of the primary factor causing less inflow of foreign direct investment and eventually impact adversely on investment, output and employment. As a result, number of countries has amended their labour laws so as to make them more investment and employment friendly. This has thereby led to different non-permanent employment structures, such as casual labour, contract labour, subcontractors, consultants and others, among which contract labour is the most prominent kind in the Indian industrial sector and in this paper I primarily focus on the Indian automobile sector only at present. In this research, the point to be noted is the contractual employment which is in accordance to the Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act, 1970. According to the law, a contract labourer is defined as one who is hired in connection with the work of an establishment by a principal employer through a contractor. Although a contractor tries to produce the given results with the help of a contract labour for the organisation, a principal employer is the person responsible for the control of an establishment. Over the years the pace of contracting has increased dramatically both across borders as well as within. The research will be dealing with the effect of these outsourcing activities. According to the WTO-ILO report (2009), contracting has largely taken place in the emerging economies. Now what could be the consequences of contracting on the labour productivity of a particular firm within the country is what this research paper will be discussing about. Although a lot has been discussed about the rights in terms of wages and other emoluments for the contractual labour, not much has been said about the productivity of the contractual labour. Much has been said recently about the slowdown in the Indian automobile industry, in fact this sector of the Indian manufacturing industries has recorded its lowest point in terms of growth past year. In this research paper, I have taken up the issue of subcontracting of labourers as the one of the primary reason for this lag in productivity. The organised auto sector in India broadly consists of three tiers and the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) sit at the top of the chain. Most of these OEMs are members of the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), while most of the tier 1 auto component manufacturers are members of the Automobile Component Manufacturers’ Association (ACMA). Tier-2 and Tier-3 auto-component manufacturers are relatively smaller players. To assess the importance of the sub sectors in terms of generation of employment, it is essential to analyse the intensity of labour employment in these sectors. There is a concern in the industry that wages are growing for the permanent labours without proportionate increase in the productivity front. As a result, higher subcontracting takes place in order to curb wage costs both in the periphery as well as in the core sector. Contract labourers, paid comparatively much lower than the permanent employees and enjoying hardly any other benefits, make up 70-80% of the industry workforce, according to estimates by trade union leaders. The underlying tension between their aspirations and outdated labour laws cause dispute and de-incentivise work effort and lowering productivity. Literature Review In order to proceed with the analysis of subcontracting and productivity, there are literature which illustrate the importance of investment in RD. Romer (1990) has stated on the â€Å"endogenous technological change† and hence proved how RD plays an instrumental role in accelerating long run growth of a country. Thereafter, many works have been published citing the role of variable factors on RD and long term growth, which varies from economy to economy. Scholars like Goo (2011) mentioned the effects of transportation costs in RD technology sector on the endogenous growth. He showed that larger the transportation costs of RD technology, larger will be the price of RD technology and hence leading to slower economic growth. Lee (2005) empirically showed a direct and much stronger effect of information networks on international RD. Research in relation to this field by eminent economists has also discussed the strategically important interactions of firms and their implication of RD of firms and the performances. Grossman and Helpman (2002, 2003), Egger and Egger (2003), Shy and Stenbacka (2003) and Antras and Helpman (2004) established the positives of outsourcing over any other organizational structures, for example the vertical integration and foreign direct investment. If outsourcing and RD are complementary to each other, outsourcing leads to an increase in RD, which leads to a reduction of the negative impact of outsourcing on wages and employment in the outsourced countries. Based on a similar framework, Marjit and Mukherjee (2008) argued that outsourcing has a positive relationship with the RD investment and hence an increase in outsourcing causes an increase in the RD investment in small markets and highly competitive product market, whereas it decreases the RD investment in large markets Based on the efficiency wage models, which talk about the positive effect of higher wages (Shapiro and Stiglitz, 1984; Banerjee and Gupta, 1998), have shown a direct effect on labour productivity of higher wages, as result of greater incentive. Hence, a decline in wage mean declining productivity and the entrepreneurs might be reluctant to reduce the wage, even in the situations of unemployment. That is the key argument explaining unemployment and wage rigidity at the same time. Dibyendu Maiti and Sugata Marjit (2011) had focused on the subcontracting part of a typical firm to the informal sector for a developing economy. Although, these literature give us the basis of contractual labour hiring practices, but they do not mention much about the productivity perspective. Dibyendu Maiti and Sugata Marjit (2011) gave an overview of the productivity and subcontracting issue for a developing economy, this research study will only deal with the Indian automobile sector as its primary domain. Research Design and Methodology Starting with a simple framework of a firm, which has two alternatives to hire labourers, i.e. either using subcontracting way at a lower cost or it can go for permanent employment of labourers. The formal wage structure is determined exogenously at each level whereas the contractual labourers’ wages are determined endogenously by the market and using the bargaining power of the contractor. Also assuming, is the fact that contractual labour wage rate do not adjust rapidly in the short run. In case of a rise, in the wage rates of the permanent labourers the firm would go for contractual hiring, thereby increasing the demand for temporary labourers in turn leading to an increase in wages. In the short run time period, if the contractual wage rises, the firm would opt for the existing permanent labourers, which again leads to an increase in the demand for permanent labourers. With this relation between the wages of both the contractual and permanent labourers, we can establish th e fact that the contractual wage and permanent wage would be correlated. Although from a long run view, the contractual wage is adjusted by the market forces. The net effect of the above interactions between the contractual and permanent wage determines the level of wage and employment in a particular sector. In order to analyse the study, information from secondary sources of Indian database is collected. With these dataset, and to establish a significant relationship between the wages and productivity regression analysis has to be done. The study takes the annual emoluments for hired workers in Non-Directory Manufacturing Establishments (NDME) documented by National Sample Survey Organisation, Government of India and annual emoluments of the various factory workers documented by Annual Survey of Industries, Government of India, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and Automobile Component Manufacturers’ Association (ACMA). Running pooled OLS regression with state and time as dummy variables and panel GLS regressions to estimate the relationship between contractual wage and formal productivity, and formal wage and formal productivity controlling other variables. With the results for the regression analysis it can be showed that the correlation between formal wage and formal productivity is not statistically significant, while for the formal productivity and informal wage it is highly significant and with the GLS panel regression, it can be proved that formal productivity is highly affected by informal wage. The formal or the permanent workers’ sector does not necessarily affect the contractual workers’ sector in the long term. If the permanent wage increases, the firm will transfer its production activities from its in house permanent sector to external contractual sector which leads to two effects on the contractual wage rate. Firstly, a substitution effect would raise the demand for contract labours. The discharged labours from the formal sector due to shortage of production would also supply more labour. Therefore, the net effect remains ambiguous. If the contract labour sector have a net positive demand for labours, it would increase the employment and it would raise the informal wage when the economy is at its full employment level. Again, if net demand is negative, it might also reduce the contractual wage. This situation alters the efficiency gain of permanent labours and also brings down the condition for the contract sector. Thus a developing economy or an economy with a higher number of poor populations will have less productive permanent sector. This indicates that when a society has a greater number of poor informal workers, those who are fortunate enough to land up with relatively high-wage jobs may not be as productive as they would be in a society where access to the low wage informal segment restricted.

Adults with Learning Disabilities Essays -- Technology Education Essay

Adults with Learning Disabilities The field has not quite reached consensus on definitions of LD, and there are professionals as well as members of the public who do not understand them or believe they exist. For example, in a Roper (1995) survey of 1,200 adults, 85% associated LD with mental retardation 66% with deafness, and 60% with blindness. In Rocco's (1997) research, faculty "questioned the existence of certain conditions or if they existed, the appropriateness of classifying the condition as a disability" (p. 158). However, most definitions describe learning disabilities as a group of disorders that affect the ability to acquire and use listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or math skills (Gerber and Reiff 1994; National Adult Literacy and Learning Disabilities Center 1995a; National Center for Learning Disabilities 1997). These difficulties vary in severity, may persist across the lifespan, and may affect one or more areas of a person's life, including learning, work, and social and emotional fun ctioning. Federal regulations for implementing the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act use the term "specific learning disabilities" disorders in one or more central nervous system processes involved in perceiving, understanding, and using verbal or nonverbal information (Gerber and Reiff 1994). "Specific" indicates that the disability affects only certain learning processes. Although adults with LD consistently describe being labeled as stupid or slow learners (Brown, Druck, and Corcoran in Gerber and Reiff 1994), they usually have average or above average intelligence. People with learning disabilities are the largest segment of the disability population, and growing numbers of col... ..., DC: NALLD, 1995b. (ED 387 988) Reiff, H. B.; Ginsberg, R.; and Gerber, P. J. "New Perspectives on Teaching from Successful Adults with Learning Disabilities." Remedial and Special Education 16, no. 1 (January 1995): 29-37. (EJ 497 555) Riviere, A. Assistive Technology: Meeting the Needs of Adults with Learning Disabilities. Washington, DC: NALLD, 1996. (ED 401 686) Rocco, T. S. "Hesitating to Disclose." In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, edited by S. J. Levine, pp. 157-163. East Lansing: Michigan State University, October 1997. Roper Starch Worldwide, Inc. Learning Disabilities and the American Public. Roper Starch Worldwide, Inc, 1995. (ED 389 101) Telander, J. E. "The Adjustment of Learning Disabled Adults." Ph.D. diss., Biola University, 1994. (ED 372 586)

Essay --

2.1 INTRODUCTION The first chapter of this dissertation has indicated organizational commitment (OC) as the way to improve a wide range of positive organizational outcomes and in curing turnover and absenteeism problems. It is vital to have a thorough understanding of the overall concept of OC. Therefore, the main objective of this chapter is to provide a review on OC based on an extensive search of existing literature. This chapter starts with the theoretical background of OC and its definition in the current world. Different approaches of OC are then discussed and Three-Component Model will be presented in detail. This chapter progresses to evaluate the OC in the construction industry based on the existing literature. Finally, a summary is provided at the end of this chapter. 2.2 BACKGROUND AND DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT (OC) Commitment is a multi-foci concept. One may find commitment to the profession associations, the union, the work teams as well as commitment to the family, the state or religion, projects, values or career (Reichers, 1985; Baruch, 1998; Meyer & Herscovitch, 2001; Paillà ©, Fournier & Lamontagne 2011). OC is one of the five forms of work commitment indicated by Morrow (1983) and has been conceptualized in different constructs, definitions and interpretations to better understand the intensity and stability of an employee’s dedication to the organization (Cohen, 2007; Singh & Venugopal, 2008). The earliest attempt of the conceptualization of commitment is by Becker’s (1960) side-bet theory. He argued that an individual is committed in an organization is because of the hidden investments. The threat of losing these investments, along with a perceived lack of alternatives to replace or make up for th... ...onship is essential in undertaking project tasks to attain the goals. To the QS, goal attainment within the work group creates a positive influence to be a member of the group. Hence, QS is likely to gain or maintain their membership in the group (Chiu & Ng, 2013). In order to achieve the desired attitude and behavioural changes among employees, it is essential to understand the objectives, expectations and goals of the organization and the employees (Mohyin, Dainty, & Carrillo, 2009). Failing in understanding what employees require and expect from the employment relationship will often lead to the deterioration in commitment and loyalty and thus increase employee turnover (Loosemore et al., 2003). This reflects a need in studying the antecedents of OC among QS, by looking at QS who work in different consultant and construction firms to fill the gaps in knowledge.

The Ethical Issues Coca Cola Needs to Consider

P1 – Describe the ethical issues Coca Cola needs to consider in its operational activities. Your manager has asked you to prepare briefing papers to explain the ethical issues the client organisation needs to consider in its operational activities (P1) Understanding Business Ethics| Understanding business ethics| Business Ethics plays an important role in business today and it can be defined as an examination of how people & institutions should behave in the world of commerce and it Ethics – is the study of the moral obligations and the difference between right and wrong.Ethical values – the standards that are held and are set by a business or individuals that control their behavior. Business Ethics . Every activity and every profession requires that employees work with the responsibility and must respect not only general, but also the special requirements of professional morality. Since ancient times it comes to professional morality or professional ethics, emph asizing such things as professional conscience and responsibility, self-esteem and dignity. Source http://www. ibe. org. uk/index. asp? upid=71&msid=12Individuals and professionals within Coca-Cola must be ethical in the decisions they make this include: Respect other workers and managers, Using appropriate behavior Perform job competently Act loyally Act honestly Coca-Cola ethical activities Coca-cola always focuses on making a positive contribution to the community. Coca-cola support a lot of charities, aims to be the beverage industry leader in energy efficiency and climate protection. Also they keep trying to improve bottling plants to safely return to nature and communities an amount of water equivalent to what they use in their beverages and production.Operational activities Operational activities are day-to-day actions taken by a firm to achieve its primary purpose to simplify that it is what a business actually does. Coca-cola makes soft drinks and beverage products, factori es contain machinery and have people running them, it makes and receives deliveries, people travel to and from the factory. Operational management is very important and that includes controlling how a business works, so that it achieves the aims and objectives which is set by strategic management. Aims and objectives An aim is where the business wants to go in the future, its goals.Objectives give the business a clearly defined target. Plans can then be made to achieve these targets. Without aims and objectives there is no meaning to business, it's the aim and objectives that give meaning to subsequent activities of planning, directing, staffing, organising and controlling. Coca-cola’s aims and objectives are to: To refresh the world – in mind, body and spirit by providing the best product that they can to the public in order to create customer satisfaction and ensure that all employees are working to their highest standards.Coca-Cola also wants to be the best beverage sales and customer service Company and make sure to never let their high standards of quality fail. To create a value and make a difference – everywhere they engage. To inspire moments of optimism – through their brands and actions Live Our Values Coca-Cola’s values serves as a compass for their actions and describe how they behave in the world. Values include: Leadership: The courage to shape a better future Collaboration: Leverage collective genius Integrity: Be real Accountability: If it is to be, it's up to me Passion: Committed in heart and mindDiversity: As inclusive as our brands Quality: What we do, we do well http://www. thecocacolacompany. com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values. html Corporate Responsibility Coca-Cola manages their corporate responsibility through the Public Policy and Corporate reputation council. Coca-cola also have to review Company policies and practices relating to significant public issues of concern to the shareholders. After res earching Coca-cola’s Code of Conduct I found that Coca-cola said: Corporate responsibility is not just good for Coca-Cola, but for the whole world too.Protecting resources, saving energy and encouraging recycling are serious challenges. If we all play our part in meeting them, everybody will benefit. http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/pdf/COBC_English. pdf Corporate Governance The Coca-Cola Company is committed to sound principles of corporate governance. The Board is elected by the shareowners to oversee their interest in the long-term health and the overall success of the business and its financial strength. The Board serves as the ultimate decision making body of the Company, except for those matters reserved to or shared with the shareowners.The Board selects and oversees the members of senior management, who are charged by the Board with conducting the business of the Company. After researching Coca-cola’s Code of Conduct I found that the responsibili ty for administering the Code rests with the Ethics & Compliance Committee, with oversight by the Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel and Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. The Ethics & Compliance Committee is comprised of senior leaders representing corporate governance functions as well as operations. http://www. thecoca-colacompany. om/ourcompany/pdf/COBC_English. pdf Environment Environment is very important as it’s the natural world either as a whole or in a particular geographical area. When it comes to Coca-Cola they keep trying to improve themselves and be environmentally friendly. Coca-Cola designed water programs to support healthy watersheds and sustainable programs to balance the water used throughout their production process. Also they use sustainable packaging, energy saving and climate protection. There are many bad stories how Coca-Cola had a bad impact on the environment. Negative stories – EnvironmentIn 2004 Coca-Cola opened bottling oper ations in India – Kala Dera village and after factory was opened the community started to notice a rapid decline in groundwater levels and people was thirsting because of Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola has more than 50 bottling plants and six are reported that they are draining water too much, because each bottling plant extracts up to 1. 5m litres of water everyday from the ground and it takes about 9L of clean water to manufacture a 1L of Coke. Sustainability Sustainability can be defined as maintaining the world’s resources rather than depleting or destroying them.This will ensure business can support human activity now and in the future. Coca-Cola is always trying to reduce and optimize the amount of materials and energy used for their packaging, also 85% of their products is delivered in recyclable bottles and cans. Coca-Cola are also trying to reduce their impact and minimize their use of water and their goal is to improve their water efficiency by 20% by 2012. So all in a ll Coca-Cola is keep trying to stay sustainable as possible, although they have bad stories about depleting water in India. In 2000 Coca-Cola opened a new plant at Plachimada in India and it produced 1. m litres of coke everyday which is almost 11m litres of clean water from the ground everyday. Human rights are the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. Coca-Cola is constantly improving their human rights by respecting their employees and customers and protecting workplace rights. Coca-Cola had a lot of bad stories about human rights. To date, there have been a total of 179 major human rights violations of Coca- Cola's workers, including 9 murders. In 2001 Coca-Colas bottling companies had been linked to many controversies.These included the murder of eight union leaders. Violence, abductions and torturing of the union members were common practice in Colombia. In Code of Conduct Coca-Cola have said â€Å"We are continually advancing our understanding of human rights by engaging with experts in the field and with our peer companies. In 2007, The Coca-Cola Company joined the Business Leaders Initiative on Human Rights (BLIHR), a network of 11 multinational companies focused on identifying practical ways of applying human rights principles within the business context. † http://www. thecoca-colacompany. om/ourcompany/pdf/COBC_English. pdf Corruption is to be guilty of dishonest practices and impairment of integrity. Corrupt means getting something by unfair means. It’s a major concern for every business and Coca-Cola do have a policy on corruption, although they were involved in corruption in past such as they â€Å"underhand dealing† and getting contracts not ethically and fairly. Anti-Corruption Partnership As a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact, Coca-Cola are actively engaged with other companies and nongovernmental organizations in the fight against corruption.In December 2007, Coca-Cola became a signatory to t he World Economic Forum Partnering Against Corruption Initiative (PACI), making The Coca-Cola Company the first food and beverage company to join approximately 140 other multinational companies in the private sector fight against corruption http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/pdf/COBC_English. pdf Trading fairly – is market-based approach to empowering fair trade where: * Business is carried on in an open manner * Consumers can feel secure that the goods and services that they paying for are going to be of satisfactory quality * Competition is open and fair 005 Pepsi Co had filed a case in the US accusing Coca-Cola of monopolizing the market of fountain dispensed soft drinks in the US. 2005 Coca-Cola agreed to end all its deals with shops and bars in Europe to stock only Coca-Cola. 2005 Coca-Cola were accused of poor trade practices in Mexico, because Mexicans were buying â€Å"Big Cola† rather then products from â€Å"Coca-Cola† because it was cheap er therefore Coca-Cola changed pricing strategies in Mexico and therefore started threatening the small business owners to stop selling â€Å"Big Cola†.Coca-Cola had few bad stories for not trading fairly in past these includes not letting shops to sell other soft drinks. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fair_trade Legal and regulatory compliance Legal Compliance is more important than regulatory compliance. The most important statutory areas are; * Freedom of Information Acts (2000 and 2002) * Data Protection (1998) * Health and Safety * Employment Law * Human Rights (2000) * Animal Welfare Acts And Regulation * Contractual Relationships * Environmental Information regulations 009 Lawsuit was filed in regards to company flavours, of Vitamin Water. Claims say that there is 33 grams of sugar in each bottle of Coca-Cola that is more harmful than the vitamins and other additives. 2008 Coca-Cola were accused in Philippines for an unfair competition case because investigation raided three of cokes warehouses for illegally possessing imported bottles. 2008 Coca-Cola had to pay $137. 5 million to settle a shareholder lawsuit as they were channel stuffing or artificial inflation. Coca-Cola was charged in a U. S.District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, with â€Å"forcing some bottlers to purchase hundreds of millions of dollars of unnecessary beverage concentrate to make its sales seem higher. † Regulatory compliance is almost as important as legislative compliance. This is an important element in both good management and institutional efficiency. Elements include: * Funding * Teaching Quality Assessment * Research Quality * Financial Audit * Risk Management * Disaster Planning and Business Recovery http://www. lilesparker. com/areas-of-practice/regulatory-compliance http://www. thecoca-colacompany. om/ourcompany/pdf/COBC_English. pdf Coca-cola negative stories Working conditions Working conditions can be defined as the conditions in which staff works this can include stress and noise levels, degree of safety or danger or physical environment. Coca-cola has strict working conditions to ensure that their staff is always safe. Working conditions are really important and it includes health and safety standards. Coca-cola has bad stories for its working conditions. To investigate Coca-cola’s working conditions few undercover students’ was sent to Coca-cola’s factory for temporary job during summer.One of the student’s was beaten by staff members at the agency and student said that he was beaten by staffers at the agency after he demanded pay for his work at Coca-Cola. Coca-cola had even more bad stories relating to summer jobs these can be found in link bellow: http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/china/2009-08/20/content_8591019. htm Business Practices Business practices are a method, procedure, process, or rule employed or followed by a company in the pursuit of its objectives. Coca-cola has a lot of b usiness practices and some of them was not been followed in the past.In 2003 Indian NGO, Centre for Science and Environment has announced that they found cancer causing chemicals in Coca-Cola. 2007 Coca Cola's products that were produced and distributed in the Indian market contained pesticides such as DDT, lindane, malathion and chlorpyrifos which all contribute to cancer and a weakened immune system of the human body. Individual Ethical responsibilities Every single worker in Coca-cola’s company must act in accordance with the law it does not matter is it staff member or is it manager all individuals should follow their own ethical principals at all time and be ethical.Conclusion Therefore to conclude this report on ethical business culture and trade practices of Coca Cola, some basic elements that can be adopted by Coca Cola are like Develop worldwide code of ethics, by these we mean that the statement given by the company's business culture is not true and the company sho uld come up with a proper solution to this problems and should not tolerate any human rights infractions in any of its plants, or by any of its subsidiaries.Consider ethical issues in strategic development, while making the strategic the company should consider ethical issue and develop its strategy according to it. Develop periodical â€Å"ethical impact statements†, when they are promoting any of its product they should make an ethical statement with it as it will help them to improve the company's image in the minds of consumer. RecommendationsCoca-Cola Company must ensure that they keep their company always ethical and don’t have any bad stories. Although they are doing good job and not getting and bad stories about them lately, but still they should try to make their company even more ethical for people to think that it is a good company that has a good corporate image. Source: Coca-cola bad stories – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Criticism_of_Coca-Cola

Alternatives to Incarceration Essay

In today’s economy keeping people in prison is becoming an ugly, expensive mess. There are now so many alternatives to incarceration that we need to explore and start using. Johnny Cash wrote a song called â€Å"Folsom Prison Blues† describing the angst of inmates, permanently immortalizing them in the publics minds. However, now that prisons across the country are running out of resources and space, it is the prison officials who are feeling the blues. There are a number of alternatives that are used for offenders who have committed non-violent crimes. The options can range from probation all the way to public shaming. For those who have been convicted of drunk driving, public shaming might have the most impact. In some states, convicted offenders will be made to drive around with signs put on their cars stating that they have been convicted. No one convicted of this sort of crime runs around announcing what they have done because its embarrassing. In general most prefer to keep it a secret because it is humiliating. With signs pasted to their vehicles, there is no way to escape the public knowing what they have done. Another option used for drunk driving is the use of a breathalyzer. This device is installed into the offenders car and the car is actually programmed not to start if they are intoxicated. This could put a definite damper on party habits. Another alternative that has popped up is based out of Texas. Texas is one of the last few states that enforces the death penalty and also has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world. Ironically, a state with such an â€Å"iron fist† reputation, has started to put offenders on probation and sentence them to read as opposed to prison time. This trend has slowly started to spread across the United States. Offenders and repeat offenders are ordered to attend a specific reading group where they get into discussions over classics like â€Å"Of Mice and Men† and â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird.† A study was done from 1997 to 2008 and it was discovered that only 6% were either sent back to jail or had their probations revoked. Another perk of this program is that it only costs taxpayers $500 a year as opposed to the $30,000 a year it takes to keep an inmate imprisoned. This programs seems to work best for those who have been convicted of crimes involving robbery or drug abuse. It gives them a chance to have a voice and even a sense of identity and confidence. Another tough crime to address as far as sentencing goes, is when a person is arrested and that individual is mentally ill. For the longest time when someone was arrested for drug possession, trespassing or any other non-violent offense, they were automatically sent to jail or probation, regardless of their mental instability. Now it seems, there is a new option of an alternative court type setting where attorneys, mental health organizations, and the judge work together to coordinate a treatment option that will ensure the offender will stay on the right path. So many people are incarcerated who have mental illnesses, yet have never had the opportunity to be officially diagnosed and continue to go untreated. Providing treatment is the right thing to do, it is humane, and is even more cost effective then incarceration. Overall the criminal justice system needs to really start to change the way certain offenders are handled and then pretty much lost in the system. It effectively helps to create more and more offenders and even encourages repeat offenders. Financially for taxpayers it makes more sense. It is cheaper to provide outpatient options and treatments then to pay to keep an offender confined in prison. Aside from all of this, the criminal justice system needs to remember these low level offenders are still human beings. We all make mistakes and deserve to do the appropriate punishments, but a lot of these mistakes might just benefit more from appropriate treatment programs and interventions. Hard prison time is not always the best answer. References: 1) The Economist, July issue, 2010 2) Nolo.com 3) American Psychological Association 4) The Guardian, July, 2010

Perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Perception - Essay Example My father placed the sole blame on me for the situation without considering that there might be external factors at play. His error was that he assumed that I had no good reason for driving fast and he did not understand the situation fully. My father believed that that the accident was a result of my nature as a reckless driver. Due to my active participation in previous classes, I am stereotyped as a very studious person who spends hours studying for courses. It stems from the typical thinking that any person, who takes an interest in their course work and does well, spends day and night pouring over books. I am also a very social person and talk to a lot of different people, so people generally stereotype me as a very outgoing person who spends his nights out partying in clubs with a big group of friends. The only part that is true about those stereotypes is that I do study hard for my courses but I do not spend hours poring over books. I believe in studying smart rather than studying for hours and hours. I am a socially active person but I am not very outgoing and do not spend my nights out partying. I prefer small gatherings and outings with close friends. After analyzing those stereotypes, I think that a few of my friends and acquaintances become biased in their subject of conversation with me. After assuming that I love partying late, they often invite me to go out with them to late running parties. People perceive me to be a social and outgoing guy whose life is in complete order and nothing is out of place. I don’t let my issues or problems show or come up too frequently which had led many people to believe that I am a well-adjusted person. I do have control over this perception and I believe if I open up a little more to people, the perception might change. My past experiences have taught me that people see what they want to see in a person and their perceptive filters are slanted towards what they want to

Under the economic globalization, who should take the responsibility Essay

Under the economic globalization, who should take the responsibility to make the music education actually valuable for Chinese p - Essay Example Music in Confucianism was regarded as one of the means of governance, as well as a significant factor in educating people and in achieving social harmony. But the situation has changed since 1912, when music education moved into the category of compulsory subjects. Under the economic behavior, also all the parents want their children have a bright future; therefore lots of music teachers became ‘money makers’ because of this policy. The music as a creative art should give more space to students. Nowadays National Entrance Exam forced some of Chinese students study music no longer as an creative arts, they are practicing it for pass the exam with high mark, and they are passing it because of the music skill can give them more 20 credits compare with the others who can’t study music or know music skills as good as they are. Students suffer in the classroom, because music education is not enjoyable anymore. Nowadays students are seeking for material well-being; they do not actually care about arts and music, in particular. Even in an era of globalization such widespread phrase as â€Å"Europe is not America, America - not Asia† is relevant. Especially it seems strange that under the comprehensive globalization, China preserves its national identity. Suffice it to mention the peculiarities of the Chinese mentality, Chinese economy, developing rapidly after the Communist, unique educational system; but the Chinese musical art deserves paying special attention. Besides, the purposes of music education, according to the Ministry of Education in China, are directly connected with the fact that Chinese society still can not reject the idea of communism building. So, the tendency â€Å"Art for Art sake† is obvious. ... It also absorbed elements of the music of people that were part of the Chinese empire (the Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Manchu, etc.), and, in turn, greatly influenced the music of Korea, Japan and some nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Chinese music has evolved since ancient times under the influence of religious, philosophical and ideological doctrines (Reimer, 1989). In Confucian treatises the concept of cosmological nature of music was developed, its social and political role was highlighted. Music in Confucianism was regarded as one of the means of governance, as well as a significant factor in educating people and in achieving social harmony. According to the ideas of Taoism, the music was to facilitate the natural expression of psycho-emotional reactions of man, its fusion with nature. 2. The Consequences of the New Education Policy The school music education, which was developed during one of the most complex, saturated with global cataclysms, period in the history of the country, gradually became a public system, marked by both significant achievements and serious shortcomings. Nowadays the assessments of achievements of challenges facing China’s school education are prerequisites for successful reform. Music became a compulsory subject in secondary schools of China in 1912. In accordance with the suggestions for the educational course of the country, made by Education Minister Tsai Yuanpey (1912), the role of artistic education plays the significant role in shaping the personality, thus, particular attention should be paid to music teaching in secondary schools. This document determined a new status of the given

Proposing a Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposing a Solution - Essay Example However, Muslims suffer from outrageous discrimination and oppression in German society, which is the blatant violation of human rights entrenched by some United Nations conventions (I suppose there are some). Well, we cannot overlook the fact that, compared to other European countries, Germany provides relatively wide range of opportunities for immigrants’ employment; but Muslim immigrants face barriers in employment related to their religion and ethnicity (Muehe 21), which endangers their welfare and ability to earn their living in the host country. German employers show profound bias in their policy, for they would rather hire a jobless German meeting the requirements than an immigrant worker, who will inevitably the very last resort. This unfair policy seems very controversial, for â€Å"since the 1990s, analysts have pointed to Germanys ongoing need for immigrants to bolster economic development and maintain a dynamic workforce, given the rapid aging of the countrys popu lation† (Oezcan). In other words, don’t Muslim workers deserve equal employment prospects after all they have done for Germany? Moreover, Muslims experience vast cultural and religious discrimination in German environment, which gradually forces them to integrate and assimilate via various sadistic language courses and governmental integration programs. German government first admits Muslim immigrants into the country and then considers five or six million of them a problem that needs to be handled. Muslims experience blatant rejection of their religion and are virtually forced to hide their Islamic centers in unmarked buildings on the outskirts of the cities (Brenner), and the number of mosques in Germany is unbelievably small: Berlin, the great capital if this tolerant state hosts only four big mosques! Muslims are violently persecuted by anti-fundamentalist activists of German descent: for instance, peaceful

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization - Essay Example While such benefits either maintain or heighten the status of globalization, globalized progress occurs at the cost of the distribution of gains. Where considerable gains are obtained by rich nations or individuals, greater inequalities result, further causing potential conflicts within local settings and abroad. Another probable cost is perceived in the control of national economies which could shift from sovereign governments to other entities, typically leading to extreme nationalism or the rise to fundamentalist political movements (Intriligator). By examining an article about Fiat, written by Jorn Madslien, one may view and better understand a concrete scenario of how costs and benefits work under globalization. According to the article, Fiat’s intention to adapt to flexibility by splitting group to develop a division on non-car assets and merge economies upon integration with Chrysler and other huge manufacturing firms altogether reflect the author’s agreement to the position that places globalization on the necessity of interdependence.

Strategies for Control Dissent of Social Movements Essay

Strategies for Control Dissent of Social Movements - Essay Example This therefore means that, the social movements should devise sound strategies to deal with dissent. The section that follows, gives detailed information on the strategies used to fight dissent. Transforming Perceptions of the History This strategy works well during the early days of social movements. At this time, the target audience have little information of existence of problems in the past. In addition, the social movement at this stage is not very vibrant and bold in its approach to solving the existing problems (Charles 302). Moreover, the group lays a lot of hopes in future. Various institutions such as social and professional unions, religious organization, labor unions, and mass media help to complement the efforts of social movements. Other partners include schools, courts, and government. These institutions sensitize people to search for ways to fight the challenges at hand. At the same time, the institutions plead to society to bury the past and forge for better ways to deal with the situational demands. It is a workable strategy that aims to make the audiences to forget the past, and encourages them to challenge their current situations with a lot of zeal. This makes the audiences focus on the current situational demand. Transforming perception of history strategy strengthens the audience to resist boldly the forces of those who long for the past way of living. Such a group lives in the past and it will always think of how things could have been better at that time. This makes them to lose the grip with the current situation. They do little to challenge the present. Transforming the perception of history helps the audiences to stand strong to those who are afraid of changes. Some members of the society associate the current achievements with the past (Charles 302). They fear that, positive societal changes may be so much that their enemy takes them back to their old way of living. The strategy shifts the minds of audiences and they focus on the sa me direction; to fight unpleasing changes or call for changes. It seeks to unite different social movements through winning members and advocating for same grievances and solutions as a whole. Transforming the Perceptions of the Society Strategy This is a prudent strategy because it informs the audience of the importance of societal changes. This strategy endeavours to transform the perception of audience on the opposition forces. Some society members view that it is a waste of time and resources to wage an opposition on either government or those in authority. Charles (304) perceives that the role of this strategy is to revitalize the way movements should respond to opposing forces. This strategy seeks to make the audience and other social groups with different ideologies to see the sense of opposition groups. The social movements acknowledge that it is only through these eye-opening forums that the society knows what is afflicting their life. They also see the evident gaps that we re inconspicuous before. The overall effects of such interventions are strong social movements. It also makes the social movement gain recognition. The grievances of the members undoubtedly receive the right attention with a lasting solution. Moreover, the society realizes the value that the social movements possess. This helps social movements to gain confidence in their pursuit for meaningful changes that accommodate the needs of every member in the society. The audience realizes that they are human beings and it

Remedial Reading Essay Example for Free

Remedial Reading Essay Proficient reading is an essential tool for learning a large part of the subject matter taught at school. Reading is the gateway to learning: without it, children cannot access a broad and balanced curriculum. Reading difficulties are associated with negative educational, employment and economic outcomes, making reading- related issues relevant to various policy domains. The negative effects of reading problems are well documented. There is evidence that reading disability is associated with social, economic and psychological problems. Traditional approaches to dealing with reading problems, such as tracing and grade retention, do not help ( especially if it going about dyslexic children. Remedial reading is an extremely important class for children who are struggling with reading. Because these children have difficulties reading, they generally do not like it. It is crucial for remedial reading teachers to make reading fun at the students level. This involved me to find interesting and lively reading materials. play games, use art and creativity during the lessons. First of all I determined the goals of remedial reading : Comprehension- understanding the meaning of words and sentences, integrating this meaning across texts and making inferences beyond the printed words. Decoding- converting printed words to spoken words. Phonics –linking sounds with letters and using these correspondences to read words. Teaching phonics takes account of the fact that there is not always a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds: ship has 4 letters, but only 3 sounds. Phonological awareness-awareness and manipulation of the sound structure of speech. This has different levels: syllables( foot-ball), onset-rime( f-oot-b-all), phonemes(f-oo-t-b-a-ll). Spelling and writing- mapping sounds to print, moving from individual letters, to groups of letters ( such as oa and sh), to word, to sentences . This support phonic knowledge for reading. Vocabulary- knowing the meaning of words. Fluency ( one of the major goals)- reading accurately and with sufficient speed. There is clear evidence that unless students become fluent in there ability to identify words, they will have difficulty concentrating their attention on comprehending and responding to the texts the read. I believe reading is an active, meaningful, constructive process. Students are taught to monitor their reading to ensure that what they are reading makes sense. This â€Å" mini remedial reading course† consists of 14 lessons. The duration of the lesson is 45 minutes. The type of the lessons is pupil-to teacher ratio. There is no question that one-to-one tutoring is the most powerful form of teaching invention. It seems highly likely that at least some children who are encountering very serious problems in learning to read need the intense support of one-to-one tutoring. For my lessons I was going to use the book â€Å" You Can Do It ! † by Dr Sharon Azaria. I chose it because the units in it are well- organized . Each unit consists of several reading rules, a text based on them reading comprehension and writing activities. New vocabulary is given as well. The types of texts are very predictable which is excellent in early intervention programs. They have recurring language patterns, and include repetition of language elements, which makes them easy for students to read. I think even children with very restricted word recognition capabilities can quickly begin to think of themselves as readers because they are successful with these predictable texts. It is great that the degree of predictability decreases from unit to unit to ensure that students attend to the printed texts in order to build a multifaceted word recognition strategy that will make them increasingly independent readers. I like the fact that texts and exercises become longer and more challenged as the reading capabilities of students grow. So there are many reasons to choose this book: length of texts, challenge of vocabulary, complexity of language, sophistication of concepts, etc. , so that students are challenged to apply the strategies and skills they are learning. MEANS OF TEACHING THE CHILD Texts are carefully selected and sequenced to ensure student success. The stories of the book â€Å" You Can Do It â€Å" contain a great amount of words with a letter or a letter combination on the topic of the lesson. It’s good they are followed by pictures. Reading for meaning . The book â€Å"You Can Do It† will provide me with a series of lessons which can be used as a very effective program for remedial reading. It reflects a model of reading as an active, meaningful, constructive process. Before-reading activities are used to build relevant background knowledge, concepts and vocabulary. With the help of this book the pupil will be taught to monitor his reading to ensure that what he is reading makes sense. The texts he’ll be asked to read are for enjoyment and for the information. Other activities are developed within the framework of reading for meaning. Reading for meaning is the constant point of reference. Intervention instruction is frequent, regular and of sufficient duration to make a difference. Weekly contact with a student ensures that progress is steady and allows me to become very familiar with the pupil and his strengths and needs. It also allows the teacher to reinforce and extend strategic behaviors that the student is acquiring. An instructional period of at least 15-20 minutes allows time for instruction and practice along a number of demonstrations that provide the pupil with the strategies he needs to become an effective reader. Pupil-to-teacher ratio. It seems reasonable to begin with group instruction for most students and to switch to individual instruction for those ones who have difficulty making progress. Word learning activities are used to help children become very familiar with print. Reading new texts and rereading familiar ones ensure that the pupil engages in meaningful, connected reading. This reading course (â€Å" I Can Do It†) includes activities that help students focus on and become familiar with printed words. The student is presented with the letters that form a word from a selection he read. Words are selected because they contain word identification elements that will be useful to the student. Progressively longer words are built from the letters. I can begin by asking the pupil to make take two letters and form the word ( for example the word â€Å"at† ). Next, he can be asked to add a letter to form rat, to change a letter to form cat, to rearrange the letters to form act. Using similar directions he can move through eat, ate, tea. Writing is used to teach and extend word identification skills. It has been recognized that asking students to write words ( not to copy them) is a very effective approach to developing word recognition and reading. For example, my pupil has difficulty with phonemic  awareness ( according to the test analysis) I can draw a box for each of the sounds in the word. The pupil is guided to think about the number of sounds in a word and the letters that represent those sounds. Activities completed at home extend student opportunities for reading. I always mention the importance of cooperation between home and school ( or individual lessons like in our case). Parents will be informed about the nature of our course and regularly updated on their child’s progress, and told about ways in which they can support the child and contribute to his progress. They can reread familiar texts for building fluency. I will care to send home only materials that the pupil can successfully respond to at home without teacher support. Again, the emphasis is on consistent success and the avoidance of failure. Conclusion: Every child has the right to develop into a thoughtful, competent reader. The remedial reading course ( the book â€Å" I Can Do It†) like many other programs calls for considerable teacher decision making, but within a well- defined sequence of instructional activities. When the pupil is reading aloud, I must decide when to coach a child in the use of strategic behavior and which strategies and skills to teach the child to use. When the pupil is writing, decisions must be about how and which forms of support should be given. Through the use of a regular sequence of activities, the pupil quickly come to know what will be happening in each instructional session and the order in which it will happen. Time is not lost in transition or deciding on activities.